Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Hierarchical Behavior Essay People are constantly influenced by their environmental factors. Sparks attempt to defeat hindrances, which stop individuals being propelled. Certain speculations recommend individuals work more diligently under specific conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). One of the most embraced speculations by chiefs, is Maslows Hierachy of Needs. Maslows hypothesis accept that: human needs are boundless: as one lot of necessities is fulfilled, another ascents in its place, which implies that requirements are orchestrated in a chain of command. (Maslow, 1954). Maslows Hierachy, incorporates: physiological, security, alliance, regard needs, and self-actualisation. Maslow accepts that individuals start with security needs, and stir their way up, until they arrive at self-actualisation. Maslows Theory proposes that the necessities, which are fulfilled no more, have a persuasive impact, which would identify with expanding pay. Fulfilling a worker for the time being, yet later on, their necessities will increment. (Maslow 1954). Pundits have contended that Maslows hypothesis is haughty, which means it is difficult to make speculations about requirements and qualities, on the grounds that each individual is exceptional. Maslows utilization of rocker estimating came about in frequently repudiated proof. His hypothesis clarifies what spurs staff, however what does it persuade staff to do? Ideally increment standard of work, yield, human relations, bringing about fruition of chief destinations. (Cullen, 1997). Herzbergs Radical, and broadly utilized Two-Factor Theory, abstains from utilizing the term need, and separated the workplace in to two principle gatherings: cleanliness elements and helpers. The Hygiene Factors essentially accept that these are required, not for a worker to feel propelled, however to prevent them from feeling disappointed. For example pay, employer stability, engaging working conditions, nature of management, organization and generic relations. Cleanliness factors guarantee that a condition of no disappointment exists without them, inspirations can't work. (Herzberg, 1959). Reactions of Herzbergs hypothesis note that Herzbergs approach of examination (basic episode strategy) is imperfect, since laborers got some information about experience of inspiration frequently move fault of awful encounters, on to their bosses. Therefore, the characterisation of cleanliness, and spark factors is defective. Scientist inclinations could have happened, and this strategy for the most part causes things to seem uneven without thinking about the person. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). Taylors hypothesis of logical administration star pay to persuade, and was created as he stirred his way up from a worker to a works director. The idea driving his hypothesis, has been built from his profession experience, giving a specific component of inclination. Taylor accepted that people react as people, not gatherings; man is a discerning and financial creature worried about augmenting his monetary addition; and People can be treated in a normalized manner, similar to machines. (Taylor) Taylor concluded directors would profit by his speculations, simply in such a case that the individual from staff didn't work, at that point they would not get a reasonable days pay. Be that as it may, on the off chance that they met the objectives, which were viewed as an inspiration, at that point the worker would get extra rewards. (Taylor) Pundits have contended that Taylors hypothesis may function admirably with a few, yet it disregards the contrasts between individuals. Cash may well persuade a few, (extraneous prizes which are unmistakable) be that as it may, things other than money related prizes may propel others. For instance, McClellands Theory of Learned Needs recommends that a few people (contingent upon the social orders esteems procured) want to accomplish, definitely more than to acquire cash for example inherent prizes like utilizing abilities or social prizes. (McClelland, 1967). This infers administrators who utilize staff with the longing to accomplish, won't be impacted by pay. This hypothesis is all so upheld by Kohn who stated: Motivating forces don't modify the disposition that underlie our practices. (Kohn A, 1993). If so, at that point it would be hard for a business to utilize different intends to spur, as a result of their general public qualities. The British Journal of Industrial Relations played out a study on the staff at the Inland Revenue. Unmistakably a lion's share of the staff (57%) upheld the standard of execution related compensation. In any case, when inquired as to whether PRP had raised their inspiration at work, 12% indeed, while 76% said no. It is clear in this manner that the Inland Revenue, staff had next to zero increment in inspiration to change their yield, or nature of work. The examination led broke down staff sees, as opposed to changes in yield, an individual from staff that accepted they were less spurred, is probably going to be less persuaded, simply on the grounds that inspiration is a perspective. for example does the: individual feel it suitable to seek after a specific strategy, coordinated at accomplishing a predetermined result, and in which the individual decides to seek after those results with a level of energy and industriousness. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). The examination found that most staff were de-persuaded at IR. This may have happened in light of the fact that some idea the entire standard out of line, since they believed they had been cheated out of an honor to which they were entitled. This all so backs up Herzbergs Theory of Hygiene factors, proposing that without for example proper compensation, staff will feel de-roused, and subsequently, supervisors would be disillusioned with the outcomes. 55% of Inland Revenue staff felt that after PRP, their spirit was sabotaged, and 25% deviated, while others were unsure. This shows (despite the fact that the proof is unsure in the Inland Revenue case), it is anything but difficult to accept the inspirational impact was really negative. End Taking everything into account the exploration has indicated that on account of the Inland Revenue, the transient laborers were spurred by the plan. Sponsorship Maslows Theory of necessities, that once a goal is accomplished, another one supplanted it, as the more established individuals from staff were not roused by a salary raise. Along these lines, one might say that administrators would profit by the expanded staff pay to help transient impacts, however they will be disappointed with the outcomes in the long haul. The proof proposes that Herzberg (1959) is right, as a rule regarding his cleanliness factors, however this framework doesn't make a difference no matter how you look at it. Notwithstanding, for most administrators, the possibility that holding fast to the base workplace prerequisites, directors won't de-rouse staff, nor will it urge individuals to stay in work with a similar organization for a long time. Word Count: 1096 The assignments point, is to give a basic comprehension of how administrators depending on pay to inspire their representatives to more significant levels of employment execution, might possibly be happy with the result. People are constantly influenced by their environmental factors. Helpers attempt to beat boundaries, which stop individuals being persuaded. Certain speculations propose individuals work more earnestly under specific conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). This includes investigating speculations of inspiration, and afterward examining what each state about compensation as a spark. I will at that point assess how advantageous the data, depends on whether the hypothesis is very much respected and bolstered by the explored writing.

Virgin Group free essay sample

Which future for Virgin? Broadening is regularly observed as the last development for an organization. In any case, there are ways and alternatives to adjust your system after you broaden so as to make it progressively effective to this new change. Virgin is, as we’ve found in the past parts, an all around expanded organization. There are normally 4 ways a broadened organization could use after it enhanced, and we can utilize them to break down the potential eventual fate of Virgin. 1 Broaden the enhancement base Virgin’s pith since its creation is to investigate new organizations and attempt to be a piece of them. The organization has a genuine thirst and want to differentiate and nobody questions that the Virgin Group will expand his portfolio. On its site, the Virgin Group says that so as to discover new business, they just â€Å"put their selves in the clients shoes to perceive what could improve it. We will compose a custom article test on Virgin Group or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † In request to expand more, the organization is attempting to discover or make a few organizations that will: * Reinforce its market position. For example, Airlines are plainly a business that Virgin needs to reinforce. The â€Å"Media Mobile† division additionally is by all accounts a business where Virgin needs to contribute, as confirm by the repetitive manifestations of portable organizations lately. * Build positions in new businesses. The company’s new â€Å"Green Vision† is unmistakably demonstrating that Virgin’s new most loved Industry is the â€Å"clean energy† industry. All the more solidly, the organization is contributing the benefits and profits from its vehicle organizations into the improvement of elective powers for example. In addition, the â€Å"Virgin Green Fund† centers around â€Å"middle advertise development and extension speculation openings in the sustainable power source and asset productivity divisions incorporating water† with the target of helping organizations understand their full development potential, says the organization. 2 Divest a few organizations and conserve to a smaller expansion base * The organization has no goal to limit its enhancement base and diminish its portfolio to exactly scarcely any center ventures. The objective is plainly to locate some new organizations and necessities, as this section on their site appears. â€Å"We pose key inquiries: is this an open door for rebuilding a market and making upper hand? What's going on with the contenders? Is the client befuddled or seriously served? Is this an open door for building the Virgin brand? Would we be able to include esteem? Will it associate with our different organizations? Is there a fitting exchange off among hazard and prize? † (Company’s site) 3 Restructure the organization business line-up â€Å"Sell off noncore businesses†: There is no appropriate â€Å"core† or â€Å"non core† organizations at Virgin, regardless of whether there is a few divisions more created than others. Accordingly, selling noncore organizations doesn’t appear to be in Virgin’s system for the years to come, as they attempt to grow new center organizations, as â€Å"clean energy†. * â€Å"Sell off seriously powerless businesses†. The case underlines that Branson needs to concentrate on long haul speculation. He doesn’t have the weight of Financial Markets, so he can hold up barely any years after a speculation, regardless of whether it implies losing cash. Accordingly, the organization can either conclude that a few speculations are not productive and will never be, and auction the business (as they did before), or conclude this is a drawn out venture and trust that the venture will get beneficial. 4 Pursue global enhancement * Multinational expansion is by all accounts the subsequent stage for the brand. The organization is situated in 30 nations, which isn't a lot of when contrasted with the 11,5 Billion $ incomes in 2009. The organization has a little nearness in Asia, and ought to reach out in this piece of the reality where quick creating nations are found. Global broadening is mind boggling yet could truly expand the organization incomes by opening new markets to the company’s existing auxiliaries. Also, Virgin could utilize its information on making new organizations from the scratch to create in new nations. Moreover, the extension of one of the Virgin’s organizations in a nation could truly assist different organ izations with settling in this nation, by moving information on this new market. * Virgin in China: this is hard to locate some ongoing articles and information about Virgin’s nearness and objective in China. Be that as it may, Virgin Atlantic has an office in China and Virgin Megastore is embedded in areas like Middle East and Europe, and will before long open stores China. Besides, Branson plans to set up a Clean-Energy organization in China. â€Å"We plan to put intensely in it† he said in an ongoing article. He thinks China is at present making some examination and attempting to build up the â€Å"clean energy† business and he needs to be a piece of it. Chinese government needs 15% of the vitality creation to originate from wind or sun based force by 2020, so it is by all accounts an intriguing new business for Virgin.

Outsourcing And The Economy The Debate Continues

Outsourcing And The Economy The Debate Continues Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Outsourcing And The Economy: The Debate ContinuesUpdated On 17/04/2017Author : Jacob CherianTopic : InternetShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozqhdt CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOutsourcing continues to be a controversial topic as President Obama and his financial advisers, the likes of Ben Bernanke, have the arduous task of providing more jobs in the U.S. economy.Recession Prevention Requires Indian ITWith immigration and unemployment taking significant space among the American public, outsourcing often sends a message of anti-nationalism in the sense that it ‘takes away jobs of Americans.” However, that might be a one-sided story. Many analysts say that prevention of a major financial downturn like the one that occurred via the subprime debacle and the housing recession is going to take some heavy IT infrastructure and a highly talented pool of talent available only through outsourcing.Nonetheless, skeptics say that the Obama administration has not taken a tough stand on outsourcing. In fact, some say that it has encouraged it. While the President was clear on his rhetoric during the election campaign that there would be punitive measures taken against companies moving jobs across the border, that appears to have changed a bit after his election.Pres. Obamas State of the Union GuffawRecently, the President remarks that he would revoke tax breaks from outsourcing firms during his State of the Union speech in Washington caused havoc among IT service providers, particularly in India. While the U.S. enjoys the close company of India in deals like the recent nuclear deal, there can be little truth in holding back jobs from outsourcing, particularly since the financial sector is going to need plenty of fixing in the IT department in order to withstand similar crises in the future.Others believe that the U.S. has really done nothing to discourage out sourcing like other developed nations that promote their own products and labor ahead of profits. According to the AmericanEconomicAlert.org, the President’s option to head the bipartisan debt deficit commission with the boss of an outsourcing firm reflects his policy on the issue. The agency holds that the nation is not tough as it should be when it comes to unemployment in the U.S.With the topic of health reform taking up center stage in the Obama agenda, outsourcing seems to have taken a seat on the back burner. In general, it is believed to be true that the U.S. has taken a hands-off policy towards its economics. In contrast, government in Europe has more of a say in companies that provide a large chunk of jobs for their nationals. One example of is Toulouse, France-based Airbus and the recent restructuring that has taken place via the negotiations with the French government.READWays to Find Out New Online SlotsSkeptics say that the system of economics in the U.S. does little to encourage firms to put national goods and services above bottom line profits. Since capitalism promotes profits, other aspects like sustaining jobs in the country are overlooked in exchange for running operations with higher cost efficiencies at offshoring locations. There is also criticism that the tax system in the country is designed to encourage outsourcing. While foreign countries splurge on rewards to attract outsourcing to their countries, there is little in the way of tax benefits to provide incentives for American businesses to hire American workers and use American facilities. In fact, the new halt of tax breaks suggested by President Obama might do more harm than good in term of keeping U.S. firms from outsourcing jobs and business processes.Globalization, a Push For OutsourcingIt is clear that as globalization and the interconnectedness of the global marketplace will mean different strategies in the future that it has been practiced in the past, the issue of loyalty t oward workforce or region will continue to take declining prominence in the outsourcing formula. The trend of capitalism is to book profits to shareholders, without seeking sustainability of business in any one particular area of the world at any given time. Shifting businesses from country to country would be easier than it has been in the past. Often, if a company has to be competitive globally, it is fair to say that national interests cannot take precedence.Alternatively, one can take the side of the argument that the U.S. insources services from  abroad. As an example, Toyota and BMW have manufacturing units in the U.S.This is identical to Honeywell and Nike manufacturing in China or India. Nonetheless, the argument does not taken into account the basics of outsourcing. Although BMW produces cars in the U.S., these automobiles are not marketed in Germany. But Nike shoes made in China are sold in the U.S. â€" most of it at least. This translates to the German labor market does n ot suffer losses when BMW manufactures cars in the U.S. But the vast difference is that the U.S. labor force takes a big hit when Honeywell opens facilities in India.This guest article is written by Jacob Cherian. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.

Descriptive Essay The Verde Valley Allstars

I was 11 years old and I was on the Verde Valley Allstars and we were in the District playoffs hosting the tournament in Cottonwood, AZ. Our baseball field was located next to Dead Horse State Park and this is where we practiced and played our home games. If we win this District championship then we would go to the state playoffs in Yuma, AZ to play the best teams in each district around the state in a huge tournament. We are playing Prescott Valley as usual in the district championship. Verde Valley would always play Prescott Valley in the district championship game every year because our two teams were the best in the district every year. A typical Friday night for Arizona baseball, we were under the lights in a night game. The aroma of†¦show more content†¦One out away from us receiving the banner that states District Champions. The player next up to bat gets a double down the first baseline. It should’ve been a single, but he speed made him stretch it into a double. Josh throws 4 straight balls to the next batter and causes my coach to give a mound visit. Coach Kelly jogs onto the field signaling to us to meet him and Josh at the mound. He tells us â€Å"We need to settle down, and play ball like we have been. Make sure to have fun while you beat these guys.† That was a stern pep talk and gave us the determination to end this game. Josh is now facing a new batter with runners on 1st and 2nd with 2 outs. Josh is in an all out war with this batter, throwing all of his junk balls and his fastball, but the batter would just foul them off saying he won’t go down without a fight. The count i s now 3-2. Josh throws a fastball on the outside corner which the umpire calls it a ball and signals the batter to go to 1st base. The Verde Valley side was very upset with that call screaming right at the ump, â€Å"that was a strike, end the game.† The umpire throws out one of our parents because he was yelling at him obnoxiously. Coach Kelly had to walk out of the dugout to tell our parents to calm down and let us play ball. To remind you the bases are loaded in the top of the 7th with 2 outs. Walking from the on deck circle is the best hitter on their team, which is the cleanup hitter in the 4th spot in the lineup. I was staring at this kid

The Study Of Evolution And Evolution - 1276 Words

THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------ The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to an area of biological study mixed with the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour of centuries ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only those who have influenced the theories of evolution, but also a few pieces of evidence of evolution that help support the theory itself. The history of evolution The theory of evolutionary biology that was formalized by Charles Darwin is just like any†¦show more content†¦Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, they introduced a scientific theory that branched patterns of evolution, resulting in a process called natural selection. He developed his ideas by observing many animals on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that certain species in one geographical area was different from the same species in another field. At Galapagos Island, Charles discovered evidence of animal fossils that could help him prove the theory of natural selection. Many animals that Charles examined were; the land iguana, the marine iguana, saddle back Tortoise, the Flightless Cormorant and the cormorant. Scenic locations on Galapagos Island In addition, here are a few scenic locations located on the Galapagos Islands. One scenic area of Galapagos Island is Bartolome and Pinnacle Rock. One of the smaller islands in the Galà ¡pagos Archipelago is Bartolomà © Island, which has its unique feature known as the Pinnacle Rock. This rock has the most famous views of the islands. Bartolomà © lies south of the equator and east of the larger island known as San Salvador Island. Being one of the most visited islands, Bartolomà © is covered with volcanic ashes and hardened lava mountain flows. As visitors arrive at the steps outlined by the volcanic shoreline, they make their way up hundreds of steps made by Galapagos’ native wood mounted by lava, reaching

Modern Society s Criminal Justice System - 3383 Words

Fear of crime, mass imprisonment, and the increasing drain of public resources are frequent issues in public and political discourse. The process and outcomes of justice are frequently expressed with frustration as societal wounds and conflicts deepen rather than contribute to healing or resolution. Western society’s criminal justice system methodology contains intrinsic limitations and failures. Nonetheless, it persists through the state’s use of manipulative forms of communication, molding public perceptions of crime and punishment. Intensifying expansion of the prison industrial complex and harsher criminal punishment progresses under the auspices of monetary gain. Deteriorating political support for the rehabilitative ideal started in the 1970’s, transitioning to a punishment model. The social practice of mass imprisonment is impacted by the language and communication of everyday life, specifically, it is influenced by the deliberate framing of rhetoric and i ssues within political discourse and the normalization of criminal justice standards in the context of postmodern ideology. Furthermore, political rhetoric and structures of social control are shaped by Western society’s current knowledge systems and the overwhelming force of the mass media and communication systems to maintain structures of privilege and domination. The language of political discourse is deliberately devised to frame issues in a way that imposes repressive structures of social control andShow MoreRelatedPunishment Vs Classical Criminology1745 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Theory Introduction Crime has existed in the society from time immemorial. Different cultures have dealt with it differently. While some have adopted very cruel, inhumane, and creative ways of punishment, others have chosen a relatively fair system of justice. Nevertheless, each system has had and served its purpose in fulfilling a given role in the society they are established. The classical criminology as envisioned by Bentham and Beccaria in the 1700’s and 1800’s has been theRead MoreCriminal Justice System Of The United States1722 Words   |  7 Pages  Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. Goals In the United States, criminal justice policy has been guided by the 1967 President s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, which issuedRead MoreWhy Do We Need a Criminal Justice System?1140 Words   |  5 Pageswhy a criminal justice system is needed or indeed what it contributes to the functioning of a society. In the discussion that will follow, it will be argued that there are essentially four reasons why we do need to have a criminal justice system. First, it upholds the freedoms of individuals and maintenance of public order. Second, a criminal justice system instils fear in people and thus deterring illegal activities. Third, a good justice system provides rehabilitation and reform to criminals. FourthRead MoreCriminology : Crime And Crime1410 Words   |  6 PagesCriminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and preventio n of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when theRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Criminal Justice System987 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept in the criminal justice arena, restorative justice has become a popular tool in the fields of both victimology and criminology (Doble Greene, 2000). According to Doble Greene, (2000) Restorative justice has been defined as: â€Å"A theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behavior. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders.† Unlike the traditional criminal justice system, restorative justice main focus isRead MoreThe Idle Apprentice At Tyburn884 Words   |  4 Pagesages and extending into the early modern era. This concept was used to explain the practices of obtaining justice prior to the wave that drove the civilization process. ‘The execution of the idle apprentice at Tyburn’, on July 1st, 1795 illustrates the darkness of the early modern world. This picture captivates the cruel form of entertainment that early modern society experienced. The photo emulates a degree of carnivalesque tone because the death of a criminal is used as a spectacle for entertainmentRead MoreTheories Of The Age Of Enlightenment1026 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, people believed that when someone committed a criminal act it was not because they chose to do so, but because of some supernatural force, such as the full moon or demonic possession. 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To increase the understanding of the evolution of lawRead MoreCriminology : Criminal Justice System1028 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology Defined: An In Depth Look Of The Criminal Justice System In The U.S. Criminology, as defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, written by the author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). Criminology, in itself, has a wide variety of function in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit the crimes here in the U.S. Since

Professional Nursing Thinking in Nursing Education

Question: Discuss about the Professional Nursing for Thinking in Nursing Education. Answer: The profession of nursing in todays rapidly changing environment of healthcare is progressively becoming aware regarding the need to evaluate and enhance its practice and consider the social, structural and political issues that affects it. Since the change is taking place constantly, it is important for the nurses to possess the ability of analyzing and responding to the new and diverse challenges proactively. Critical reflection ensures quality patient care. This essay will discuss the importance and benefits of critical reflection for the nurses and patients, how the nurses obtain their research sources and role of critical reflection that assist in nursing practices. In nursing practices, reflection is an important activity in which the nurses recapture their experiences, thinks about them, ponder and evaluate them (Moon, 2013). They learn through critical reflection by placing themselves into the experiences and explore personal as well as theoretical knowledge for understanding the experiences and view them in different ways. Critical reflection enables them to avoid their past mistakes and maximize the opportunities for gaining knowledge. Critical reflection is necessary for nurses as well as patients because critical reflective nurses think critically regarding their practice (Bulman, Lathlean Gobbi, 2012). It assists the nurses to meet the challenges that are associated with providing care to the patients in a rapidly changing environment. It also helps them to become critically reflective practitioners. The description of their practices provides them a basis by means of which they can questions regarding their nursing practices. The proce ss of reflection can be enhanced if the nurses take a critical approach of their own reflection. Critical reflection is assisted by critical thinking. A critical approach concerns questioning their own practice, it gets enhanced if the nurses take a critical approach to their reflection as it involves a broader perspective (Price Harrington, 2015). The nurses face challenges in finding and using reliable and credible information for supporting clinical decision-making and meeting the expectations for evidence-based practices of nursing. For the nursing professionals, most of the needed information can be obtained by using 5 kinds of sources: journals, textbooks, online bibliographic databases, internet, and the products that consolidate research (Whitehead et al., 2013). A majority of the nurses retrieve and assess health-related study by means of the professional databases foe supporting evidence-based practices of nursing. They collect the data which is valuable and reliable (Yoder-Wise, 2014). They base their decisions of care on the best evidence-based practices from the peer-reviewed research literature. They use the internet, databases and search engines for finding clinical information (Chan, 2013). They also learn different new topics by referring the tutorial sites that are published by various reputable organizations and universities. It is important for them to evaluate the quality of information, which is found by them in a particular internet site. Mostly they consult their seniors or colleague regarding any information found by them and they apply the principles of evidence-based practice and critical appraisal. By employing these methods, they find the research sources (Siles-Gonzlez Solano-Ruiz, 2016). Critical reflection plays a significant role in assisting nurses to base their practice on evidence. Through critical reflection the nurses recollect their experiences. They examine their basic assumptions and thoroughly question the validity of assertions, opinions and even the fact of a specific case (Moon, 2013). It is essential for them in their nursing career. It leads to the generation of scientifically based ideas. It is a vital professional skill for the nurses. It assists them for rethinking the outmoded approaches to prevention of illness, health promotion, complications and healthcare. The ability of thinking critically utilizes reflection, analysis, induction, challenging assumptions, deduction and assessment of information and data to guide the decision-making process. Reflective practice is constantly required by the nurses for updating their professional skills. It offers them with considerable opportunities for reflecting on their ongoing development. They are able to identify their strengths and prospects for future growth and development. The profession of nursing depends on mutual support and the nurses should always have an aim of becoming self-directed, self-aware and should also remain in association with their environment. Critical reflection enables them to avoid their past mistakes and make best use of the opportunities for gaining knowledge (Munhall, 2012). In the end, it can be concluded that in the profession of nursing critical reflection plays a significant role in shaping the nurses personally as well as professionally. It assists them to meet the challenges that are associated with providing care to the patients in a rapidly changing environment. It is an important professional skill for the nurses. They learn through critical reflection by putting themselves into the experiences and exploring personal and theoretical knowledge for understanding the experiences and view them in different ways. The process of reflection can be improved if the nurses take a critical approach of their own reflection. I would like to narrate an event related to my nursing profession. I was given the responsibility to take care of an elderly patient in the geriatric ward. In the first week I properly took care of the patient but as time passed by I become frustrated and I was least concerned in taking care of the patient. Due to this his health conditions deteriorated and I was scolded by the nurse manager. After few days, I realized that it was my mistake that I did not took care of the patient in the same way as I was doing the first week. I felt bad and apologized to the patient and the nurse manager for this kind of attitude. This incident made me realize that being a nurse my first priority is to take care of the patients in every possible way. I repented for neglecting the patient because of my frustration towards him. After this incident I always try to keep my patients in best of their health and I always try to be friendly with them. In addition, I am taking help from my seniors and collea gues to take care of the patients in an efficient manner. Reflection Bulman, C., Lathlean, J., Gobbi, M. (2012). The concept of reflection in nursing: qualitative findings on student and teacher perspectives.Nurse education today,32(5), e8-e13. Chan, Z. C. (2013). A systematic review of critical thinking in nursing education.Nurse Education Today,33(3), 236-240. Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Munhall, P. L. (2012).Nursing research. Jones Bartlett Learning. Price, B., Harrington, A. (2015).Critical thinking and writing for nursing students. Learning Matters. Siles-Gonzlez, J., Solano-Ruiz, C. (2016). Self-assessment, reflection on practice and critical thinking in nursing students.Nurse Education Today,45, 132-137. Whitehead, B., Owen, P., Holmes, D., Beddingham, E., Simmons, M., Henshaw, L., ... Walker, C. (2013). Supporting newly qualified nurses in the UK: a systematic literature review.Nurse education today,33(4), 370-377. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014).Leading and managing in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

The Role of Science in Crime Reduction

Biological science, specifically forensic pathology, has become an important tool in civil and criminal investigations due to its ability to determine the cause of death of an individual (Naples et al. 2010, 162). It helps to determine how a person died, what were the exact causes and to determine whether foul play was involved in the death (Naples et al. 2010, 162).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Science in Crime Reduction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a branch of science that has actually gained popularity within recent years as a result of the hit television series â€Å"CSI: Crime Scene Investigations† which has glamorized the job of a forensic pathologist and has created the general notion that most crimes can be resolved by forensic pathologists should the proper evidence be obtained. Modern technology along with constantly innovating techniques in forensic investigation have re sulted in a plethora of concepts, methods and frameworks from which a forensic pathologist can draw on in order to solve a case. The role of forensic investigators goes beyond merely analyzing and solving a case but rather acts as a method of crime reduction through which the guilty are put behind bars to safeguard the rest of society. DNA Analysis Perpetrators of violent crimes have a tendency for leaving DNA evidence behind resulting in their subsequent capture once the trace amounts of DNA are examined. Murders, rapists and other violent criminals always seem to believe that there would be no possible method for investigators to trace them if they do not leave anything behind at the crime scene. What they fail to take into account is the fact that there is no such thing as the perfect crime and that one way or another some form of evidence is left behind. This can come in the form of skin scrappings located under the victims fingernails, bite marks on the suspects body, pieces of hair, dried semen or even eyelashes can be used as possible samples for DNA analysis in order to catch criminals. The U.S. alone has one of the most extensive criminal DNA databases in the world where all it would take is the click of a button to compare a DNA sample today with one taken years ago when a person was arrested (Gabriel et al. 2010, 396). This has resulted in drastic drop in the amount of violent criminals that have been allowed to go free due to lack of evidence which as a result keeps the society safe. Fingerprint Analysis The human fingerprint is a unique identifying mark that can connect an individual to a scene of a crime resulting in their subsequent arrest should it be proven that they were the perpetrators of the act itself. Most criminals seem to be unaware of is the fact that virtually any surface can hold an imprint of a human fingerprint for a certain length of time. This is due to the fact that the hands of all individuals secret a combination of oil and s weat that when combined form a thin layer covering the hand.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When pressed upon a surface this thin layer is subsequently transferred on the surface itself resulting in fingerprint. Not only have new fingerprint detection methods been invented but the subsequent automation of fingerprint detection systems means that it is now far easier and faster to compare fingerprint records from a crime scene with those from an individual that has been arrested for a violent crime (Dias and Dingeman 2004, 22). Cause of Death Analysis Autopsy techniques have advanced to such a degree that they can determine the time and cause of death and in the case of foul play what particular type of weapon or poison was used to kill a person (Chapter 4 2004, 56). Catching criminals is not always a case of finding DNA evidence or fingerprints, premeditated crimes often involve ca reful planning and subterfuge in order to fool forensic investigators and police detectives alike into believing a crime was committed by someone else other than the perpetrator in their midst. It is up to forensic investigators to examine the cause of death of the victim and compare it to the story given by various suspects at the scene in order to determine who the perpetrator of the crime really is. Reference List Chapter Four. 2005. Examining the Body. Pathology 56. EBSCOhost . Dias, Gary, and Dingeman, Robbie. 2004. Chapter 2 Fingerprints. Honolulu CSI  22. EBSCOhost . Gabriel, Matthew and others. 2010. Beyond the Cold Hit Measuring the Impact of the National DNA Data Bank on Public Safety at the City and County Level. Journal  of Law, Medicine Ethics 38, no. 2: 396-411. Naples, Virginia and others. 2010. A Skeleton Tells Its Own Story ForensicAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Science in Crime Reduction specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analyses of Skeletal Elements for the Science Classroom Laboratory. American  Biology Teacher 72, no. 3: 162-171. This essay on The Role of Science in Crime Reduction was written and submitted by user Keyon U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Interview a Relative - About Genealogy

How to Interview a Relative - About Genealogy Getting relatives to share their stories isnt always easy. But it can be rewarding and allow you to document stories, such as in a memory book. Follow these step-by-step ideas for a successful family history interview! Schedule a time in advance. This gives everyone a chance to prepare.Prepare a list of questions beforehand and either share them with your relative or give them an idea of what you want to cover. Bring several notepads and pens to the interview. If you plan to make a recording, be sure to have a tape player, digital recorder, or smartphone on which to record the interview, plus extra tapes, memory cards, chargers or batteries, as appropriate for your recording device.Take good notes and make sure you record your name, the date, the place the interview is being conducted and the interviewee.Begin with a question or topic that you know will elicit a reply, such as a story you have heard her tell in the past.Ask questions which encourage more than simple yes or no answers. Try to elicit facts, feelings, stories, and descriptions.Show interest. Take an active part in the dialogue without dominating it.  Learn to be a creative listener.Use props whenever possible. Old photographs, favor ite old songs, and treasured items may bring memories flooding back. Dont push for answers. Your relative may not wish to speak ill of the dead or may have other reasons for not wanting to share. Move on to something else.Use your prepared questions as a guideline, but dont be afraid to let your relative go off on a tangent. They may have many things to say that you never thought to ask!Dont interrupt or attempt to correct your relative; this can end an interview in a hurry!When you are done, be sure to thank your relative for her time. Tips for a Successful Family History Interview Put your relative at ease by telling them that they will have a chance to see and approve of anything that you write before you share it with others.Keep the interview length to no more than 1 to 2 hours at a stretch. Its tiring for both you and for the person being interviewed. This is supposed to be fun!Consider preparing a transcript or written report as a tangible thank you to your relative for her participation.If the relative and other participants agree, setting up a recorder in the corner of a room while sitting around a dinner table may help to get family stories flowing.

Constitution Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitution Timeline - Essay Example The document played a significant role in the creation of the United States constitution. This is clearly seen in the United States bill of rights. This spells out various rights of the people and curtails the government powers (Historic Documents, n.d.). For example, the bill says each person must enjoy all rights with the right practice of law being followed (Historic Documents, n.d.). This is clearly seen in the fifth and ninth amendments. This document is also a source of many fundamental concepts of the law (Historic Documents, n.d.). In fact, the concept of the constitution stems from this document. Colonist wrote the mayflower compact before occupying Plymouth colony. This was a consensus of the new settlers arriving at the Plymouth in November 1620 (Foster, 1992). The voyage was on the ship Mayflower. The settlement was drafted on fairness and justice ideals and the choice of the majority (Foster, 1992). This was necessitated by recognition of passengers that the new world settlers failed due to lack of government. This deal was meant for their own survival. They believed the settlement would be honored between god and man, and between each other (Foster, 1992). It calls for treatment of one another as equal in the sight of god (Foster, 1992). This compact had a profound contribution to the United States constitution. Firstly, it was an influential document for the founding fathers as they created the United States constitution. Secondly, it led to the making of a fresh self-governing nation. Moreover, the United States constitution was also formed on similar bases of equalit y. The declaration of independence was ratified by the Second Continental congress on July 4, 1776 (Department of State, n.d.). Thomas Jefferson drafted this declaration with minor changes made by the committee (Department of State, n.d.). The declaration was because of sore relationship that existed between the

Equity & Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Equity & Trusts - Essay Example An imperfect gift can only arise in the first two cases, and a gift would be imperfect if the transfer of title of the subject matter of the gift does not takes place from the settlor's name to the trustees. There can be no possibility of an imperfect gift in the third case because no formalities of transfer of rights are necessary. The exact constitutive requirements of a trust depend upon the nature of the property forming the subject-matter. In case of unregistered land, execution of a deed is necessary, whereas, in registered land, the trustee will need to be registered as proprietor on the register of title. In case of chattels (including cash), it has to be conveyed by either deed or delivery. In case of chose in action, this depends upon the different types of chose in action. In case of shares, for example, they can only be transferred by the recording of the transfer in the company’s books by the company secretary. The general attitude of the courts is reflected by Turner LJ’s statement in Milroy v. ... settlement, the settlor must have done everything which, according to the nature of the property as subject-matter of the settlement, was necessary to be done in order to transfer the property. If the settlor's chosen mode of donation fails, the court will not perfect the gift by allowing it to take effect by other modes. This case goes further to state that the beneficiary cannot allege in an imperfect gift that the settlor constituted to declare himself a trustee. In Richard v. Delbridge2, D decided to gift his lease of premises and business to his grandson R, who was an infant. He signed a memorandum and gave it to R’s mother, but before making a reference to the gift in his will he died. It was held that no self-declaratory trust was created: â€Å"It is necessary to show, not only an intention to benefit someone; but an intention to be trustee for that person†. According to Choihtram v. Pagarani3, â€Å"Men often mean to give things to their kinsfolk, they do not often mean to constitute themselves trustees. An imperfect gift is no declaration of trust†. Thus, equity will not come to the aid of any person who has given no consideration for the gift. For example, if a father, due to parental affection, promises to give his property to his son but dies before the actual conveyance, equity will not aid the son’s for the enforcement of that promise unless he had provided any consideration. However, this rule became very rigid in practice and may sometimes run into contradiction with the basic elements of quity i.e. fairness and justice. For instance, if a father declares in front of many people to give his entire property to only one son then that son has to give no consideration for that. But if the father dies unexpectedly before actual conveyance then

Requirements Of Managers In Contemporary Business Practices Management Essay

Requirements Of Managers In Contemporary Business Practices Management Essay Topic: Imagine there is a proposed merger between a Chinese company and a South-African company. You are appointed to lead a team consisting of managers from both countries to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger. Applying the work of Hofstede and Trompenaars, how close would the cultural fit be; and how might you seek to improve cultural understanding between the two groups of managers? Introduction In todays business environment, possessing management skills alone is no longer sufficient to be successful. Contemporary business practices require that managers have knowledge and experience regarding the differences between management and leading as well, and how both activities must be integrated for business success. With the importance of International Business environment is raising, understanding the host countrys culture can give managers a competitive advantage. The objective of this assignment is to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger between Chinese Company and a South-African Company, by using Hofstedes dimensions of National culture, and then explore solutions which can improve cultural understanding between the two groups of managers. This assignment mainly has two parts; the first part will give out the cultural problems from two companys side; and the second part is going to find the solutions for the issues. Part One-Cultural Problems China -South Africa team-work As we may realize that the globalization of the world economy, on one hand, has created tremendous opportunities for global collaboration among different countries; on the other hand, however, it has also created a unique set of problems and issues relating to the effective management of partnerships with different cultures. With the increasing importance of the China market in the world economy, many businessmen rushed to enter China to explore business opportunities. Predominantly motivated by the quest for material inputs (oil and other primary commodities) required for its infrastructural investments and booming manufacturing sector, Chinese presence in Africa is rapidly growing (Song Li, 2004). The rapid growth and significance of enhanced Chinese participation in Africa has important implications while talking about cultural aspects. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions on China and South Africa By applying Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, the culture difference between China and South-Africa has been displayed in the below charts. Five factors have been discussed on Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede, 1997) Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Individualism (IDV), on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. Masculinity (MAS), versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) which deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to mans search for Truth. Long-Term Orientation (LTO) which versus short-term orientation. According to Hofstedes Value Dimensions on China (See below chart), it can be concluded that China has a comparatively high long-term orientation. This has a historical relationship with its economy. Commonly, most of Asian countries are belonging to the less developed / developing countries. Suffering bad times taught many Chinese people to think and act on a long-term basis. Prior to Chinas economic reform, the government ruled all strategies, supplies, and financial allocations. Leaders, under the contemporary definition, did not exist, because all organizations had to do was to make sure that the allocated quotas were fulfilled, and that the people assigned to them were cared for. The notion of leaders was fulfilled entirely by Confucian values, aligning allegiance to CEOs with allegiance to the government. However, in 1978, managers of state-owned companies were now responsible for corporate operations and profit-making. Example 1- China Source: Cultural Dimensions on China, 2009 Now looking at the figures of South Africa cultural dimensions, it is easy to find that the South Africa has a comparable high IDV and MAS, and its PDI and UAI are a little bit low. It means that people are tending to work individually and certain of social hierarchy exist which has much relation with its history. Example 2- South Africa Source: Cultural Dimensions on South Africa, 2009 Analysis on different cultural dimensions To clarify the differences between China and Africa, the student will focus on Hofstedes five cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance and long-term/short-term orientation also called Confucian Dynamism(Hofstede, 1997). China and Africa differ greatly with regard to their economic systems, political systems, social values, and laws, despite the substantial changes that have occurred in China during recent years(McCoy, 2005). Some differences can be found according to Hofstede studies on culture differences. Power Distance China is centralized (though it has shown some tendency toward decentralized power) while Africa is relatively decentralized. In high power distance cultures, authority is inherent in ones position within a hierarchy. There are strong dependency relationships between parents and children, bosses and subordinates and a significant social distance between superior and subordinate. In low power distance or power tolerance cultures, individuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness. Individualism The student notices in both cases that contrary to western countries which have a strong individualism, China and Africa have a strong collectivism. Individualism-collectivism refers to the relative importance of the interests of the individual versus the interests of the group. In collectivistic societies, the interests of the group take precedence over individual interests. People see themselves as part of in-groups and the in-groups look after them in exchange for their loyalty. In individualistic cultures, the interest of the individual takes precedence over the groups interest. Masculinity Africa has higher value than China in masculinity, which indicates that Africa is medium masculinity while China is medium femininity. Masculinity-femininity or goal orientation pertains to the extent to which traditional male orientations of ambition and achievement are emphasized over traditional female orientations of nurturance and interpersonal harmony (Song Li, 2004). Cultures differ on what motivates people to achieve different goals. Cultures of the aggressive goal behaviour type (masculinity) value material possessions, money, and assertiveness whereas cultures of the passive goal behaviour type (femininity) value social relevance, quality of life and welfare of others. Uncertainty Avoidance China and Africa have higher values for uncertainty avoidance the West. This shows that in both sides, people are relatively risk-avoiding while western people are relatively risk-taking. Uncertainty avoidance captures the degree to which individuals in a culture feel threatened by ambiguous, uncertain, or new situations. Cultures are characterized as either high or low on uncertainty avoidance. Whereas low uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer positive response to change and new opportunities, high uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer structure and consistent routine. Long/Short-term Orientation Africa has a short-term orientation while China has a long-term orientation. Also called Confucian dynamism, this last dimension assesses a societys capacity for patience and delayed gratification. Long-term oriented cultures (China and Hong Kong) tend to save more money and exhibit more patience in reaping the results of their actions. Short-term oriented cultures (African countries) want to maximize the present rewards and are relatively less prone to saving or anticipating long term rewards. It has been widely accepted that cultural differences greatly affect human thinking and behaviour and thus business organizations in which people interact on the basis of shared values. Management is embedded in a wider societal setting, and is heavily influenced by local historical and cultural norms (DiMaggio and Powell, 2003). The significant differences between Africa and China seem to affect some aspects of their business management practice. Part two-Solutions Cultural Differences in business Strategies Because entrepreneurs mature within a societal context, their attitudes toward cooperation are likely to be influenced by the underlying values of their society (Weaver, 2000). As discussed above, Africa and China have a strong collectivism. People depend more on groups or institutions to determine what they should do and emphasize loyalty to the group. They are more likely to cooperate with others to avoid risks and reduce responsibilities. However due to the medium masculinity, Africans sometimes are reluctant to cooperate because their masculine culture view cooperation in general as a sign of weakness and place a high value on independence and control. In the process of cooperation, Chinese tend to pay more attention to relationships. The student has to mention the term Guanxi which in English means relation or connection is at the centre of businesses in China. In Weavers studies (2000), the student found that entrepreneurs from societies that are masculine and individualistic h ave a lower appreciation for cooperative strategies as compared to entrepreneurs from societies that are feminine and collectivist in nature. Cultural Differences in Conflict Management In order to solve conflicts, Chinese and Africans have different ways. For Chinese where harmony and personal relationship are very important, they dont like open conflict; therefore they use indirect ways to work out problems. Anytime there is conflict, they use the authority to end up with it or settle things in private. Negotiation and compromise are determinant for them in this case. Contrary to them, Africans managers like Europeans or Americans, will directly confront problems and bring them out in the open (Richmond and Gestrin, 2008). To resolve problems, everybody is involved in order to bring rational arguments and ideas to suggest solutions. We can notice that Chinese avoid this method because for them that will create disagreement which is very undesirable. African managers are reluctant to devote their time and efforts together in solving business conflicts. Other peoples help is needed. In contrast, according to Bond (2001), the strong collective orientation and uncerta inty avoidance values in China encourage Chinese managers to use indirect forms of influence that involve the assistance of a third party. Indirect forms are used by Chinese managers to deal with a difficult or controversial request. In this way, they avoid losing face or damaging guanxi. Cultural Differences in Decision-making Risk-taking/Risk-avoiding Chinese and African managers differ from in the attitudes toward risks when they make decisions for their different values in uncertainty avoidance. Chinese managers with a high uncertainty-avoidance have a lack adventurous spirit and the sense of risks. Immediate decisions which make them lose the opportunity to compete in a market are avoided in the case they feel the circumstance is uncertain. Most of the time, they want to be safe by taking less risky decisions. For African managers, it is almost the same. Middle and lower level supervisors are less willing to make decisions without deference to superiors. The result is that decision-making takes much longer than anticipated and requires more input from players at various social and professional levels. Uncertainty Avoidance measures for Africa indicate low risk taking and a resistance to change which can further delay projects which encounter problems mid-cycle. Levels of Participation in Decision-making The decision-making process involves making sense of ambiguity and taking risks (Jackson, 2003).The decision maker is working on the information available about what has already happened, what is assumed to have happened or is happening. The second aspect is future oriented (Brady, 2000). A risk is being taken because one is applying a perspective based on knowledge of the past, and projecting this to what might happen in the future if a certain course of action is followed. Chinese managers or African managers have different level of participation in decision- making. In China, decisions are participatory. Employees accept decisions handed down by their supervisors. Because of their unquestioning attitudes towards their supervisors, they resist participation in decision-making. In Africa, managers make individual decisions. They dont consult with others but can defer to their supervisors. They value personal equality. To summarize, the student can say that Chinese managers adopt the no participatory approach to decision-making. The decisions come from the higher superiors to the subordinates. However, since the reforms in China, things are changing. More and more, participatory decision-making is starting to be used in a certain number of companies. Cultural Differences in Work-group Characteristics The first difference about the work-group characteristics is the concept of brotherhood, network, family feeling which is at the heart of all Chinese interactions. In African business style which is quasi the western business style, managers focus on the deal, the possibilities, the risks and so on. There is less focus on the people they are doing business with. They may encourage their group members to learn from each other, to focus on task rather than on social and interpersonal relations, and to build the confidence required for superior performance. They make difference between personal relationship and work. In China, it is the opposite. Chinese managers may initially focus more effort on building social and interpersonal relations (Guanxi) before entering into business or contractual relationship. They would like to spend time developing and maintaining guanxi during the process of interaction and consider it as a prerequisite to do business. A good deal of time is spent exploring peoples characters. People want to know your background, your family situation, your likes and dislikes. A good deal of business is conducted in banqueting halls. Chinese believe a persons true character comes out during these moments. The only purpose during these meetings is to see a persons other side, the human side. If they are comfortable with you, and if they think they can trust you, that you can be invited to join the family, you and your business are made. Chinese managers are not interested in short term; they want long, life-long business relations. However, as the economy has become increasingly marketized, privatized and competitive, the value and effectiveness of the Guanxi system has greatly deteriorated. In industries that have been substantially deregulated or privatized, or where there is vigorous competition, business is business, and Guanxi has been neutralized or marginalized. Relationships or connections now resemble that which we find elsewhere. Cultural Differences in Motivation Systems In business contexts, the motivations of employees, partners, superiors, social associates, and members of a society spring from cultural values, or what people think is important. In order to understand how to do business with members of another culture, it is necessary to understand what motivates them, to know where to begin and what you need to cover all necessary bases. According to Aguinis (2002), employees can be rewarded according to their performance, equally, or based on their needs. In general, the equity principle is common in individualistic cultures while the equality principle is widely used in collectivistic cultures. Pay for performance and pay equity are the two main differences in motivation systems. From the 1950s until the 1980s, every aspect of Chinas economic activity was planned, controlled and operated by the government (Helen, D. 2008). There was no private ownership of any property or asset, and, consequently, no profit motive for individuals or enterprises. The government would allocate everyone a pre-defined slice of the big pie. If anyone wanted more than what was allocated to him/her, it meant circumventing that system and getting someone in that allocation chain to provide a special favour. People were obliged to sacrifice their individual interests for those of the society. Cooperation, interdependence, group goals that create group harmony are applied in China. The sense of belonging and devoting to the group are important for Chinese people. Focusing on the view that ones success is mainly based on group work; they believe that one cannot claim the reward just for oneself. Contrary to what some Chinese researchers argued on this part, the student can say while setting salaries Chinese managers will not pay more attention to the working experience and academic qualifications of employees. In that case, the equality principle is reflected in the motivation system. For African managers, individual achievement is important. They are expected to achieve success only by their individual efforts. Value competition, achievement and personal goals are their main motivations in order to have plans to recognize their individual contributions. Their success relies on their own efforts. Talents and work performance of the employees will be considered by their superiors for salary increases and promotion. Conclusion As a result, understanding other cultures is more important than ever. If we consider that people from the same economic, political, and cultural background have problems communicating effectively; we can appreciate the difficulties and challenges that people from diverse cultures face when trying to communicate. Misunderstandings will always be a part of cultural aspects. Companies need to think outside the proverbial box when formulating their business strategies and when collaborating and forming business partnerships. As sometimes companies move to do business in other countries, a greater sensitivity to culture will be required and an understanding of cultural realities should facilitate business transactions. Knowing another culture is a legitimate concern of businesses. More than that, it is essential. Those who make effort the effort to understand another culture gain knowledge about how to behave in that culture. Otherwise, if you know what people value and understand their attitudes, you wont unintentionally do something that offends and diminishes your chances for business success. In todays global businesses context, the winners are not those who study the markets they deal with even if its important but those who study people they deal with.

Fight Club Compared To Siddhartha :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, man has been on a quest to find his inner self. This topic has been the theme of many books and researches. This is no exception, in the 1959 book, Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse. In this particular story the main character, Siddhartha, is trying to find his ‘inner self’. He tries to accomplish this in many ways, one being self denial or destruction. This is also the case in the 1996 book, Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, in which the main theme promoted is that destruction leads to purity. These two works, written almost 40 years apart, which at first glance seem to be complete opposites, are actually spawns from the archetypal theme of man’s quest from self knowledge. Many issues in each of these stories give reason to believe that the authors had the same idea in mind. It could also be said that the author of Fight Club may have read Siddhartha. This is so because of the fact that many quotes in Fight Club relate to Hinduism, which is the religion of the heron in Siddhartha. For example, at a point in Fight Club, a character questions his safety. The reply from the character, Tyler Durden, is, â€Å"You’re as safe as a Hindu cow†, is a metaphor that since the cow is very respected in the Hindu religion and is not harmed. This may be mere coincidence, but other information gives reason to believe otherwise. Other than just saying that there is a connection with something that is said in the two books, there is also connections with the themes and styles of each book. In Siddhartha the charters often speak in ways the you may have to think about to understand the full meaning. This is also true in the case of Fight Club. At one point in Siddhartha, the character Govinda [Siddhartha’s friend] says, â€Å"He who in contemplation, with purified mind, immerses himself in Atman, Inexpressible in words is his heart’s bliss.† These quotes convey the idea of the actually enlightenment. In Fight Club, it is common to see quotes like, â€Å"You are not a beautiful and unique snow flake† which tells Tyler Durden’s followers that what they may think they are is completely false. This type of put down is a major ingredient in the stew of mayhem which leads to enlightenment. When you compare the actual meanings of Fight Club and Siddhartha, you will find that they are very much alike. Fight Club is a release for people. It helps you know yourself, know what you can do, and know your limits. In the book, it would often be used by people with

Brand and River Blindness

Stake for Vagelos as CEO and for Merck as a company in deciding whether to invest in Dr. Campbell’s idea Although Dr. Campbell’s idea of a drug (Ivermectin) that could cure River blindness was a path-breaking opportunity for Merck, the company was faced with a number of ethical, financial and moral issues that forced its CEO to undergo deep thought and contemplation before investing in this idea. * Feasibility: There were concerns about the use of this drug on humans and the potential adverse side effects, if any. High Costs: The high costs associated with research and development coupled with the fact that the drug was to be used by lower income groups meant that it showed little or no economic promise. * Cannibalization: From a pure business standpoint, Merck worried that this drug could cannibalize profits from the animal version of the drug through the creation of possible black markets in the affected countries. Percentage of research budget that Merck should inves t in drugs that will produce a substandard return on investmentAs a company that produces drugs to cure diseases in both humans and animals, Merck operates in a complex dynamic that requires it to take decisions that may not lead to profitability. Further, its corporate philosophy always revolved around the fact that the company’s first priority was the safety of people and only then did profits follow. I, therefore, believe that Merck should invest a large amount ( ~80%) of its research budget even on drugs that will produce a substandard ROI, provided the drugs promise to fully cure diseases without harmful side effects and they are the first in the market to do so.This could help them build a strong brand equity, goodwill and reputation in the long run thereby creating a foundation for profitability in future. For instance, I believe that Merck has a social responsibility and a moral obligation to invest heavily in the cure for River blindness. Merck’s explanation t o a shareholder who might complain about a decision to invest in research on River blindnessMerck could use the following points to strengthen its decision to invest: * Improves image of the company: The decision will lead to a positive impression about the management and its commitment leading to high brand equity and good reputation, resulting in future profits. * Improves employee productivity: Working towards a philosophy that the company consistently stands for will motivate employees and lead to higher job satisfaction thereby increasing employee productivity and hence profits. Attracts support from investors and society: The decision could be a significant differentiating factor. This coupled with superior brand image could generate investor interest and support from the community. It could also be used as a marketing tool. Merck’s selection of drugs to invest in As stated earlier, Merck must strive to achieve a balance between profitability and corporate social respon sibility.The following criteria could be used to make decisions: * Definite and safe treatment: The drugs have a strong potential to result in safe treatment to life-threatening diseases, without harmful side effects. * First mover advantage: Merck must invest in drugs that give it a strong advantage to develop patents and move into market spaces that are unexplored by other drug companies. * Profitability: While it must remain true to its corporate philosophy, it must also target profitability to sustain itself and maintain its position in the industry in the long run.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird - 816 Words

The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee focuses on many themes but courage is mostly shown in the novel. In the novel, there are many examples where the characters have shown courage even when he/she knows that he/she is going to lose it. Atticus Finch is a great example of showing courage in the novel. He shows great courage because he defends a black man even though he knows he is going to lose the case. Another example of showing courage is Mrs. Dubose. She shows courage because she wants to break her morphine addiction even though she knows she is going to die. Boo Radley also shows courage in the novel when he comes out of isolation in order to save the children even though he knows he might be hurt into the spotlight. These three characters are the most important characters that will be featured about showing courage from the novel. In the novel, Atticus expresses one of man’s highest ideals, courage in the face of defeat. Atticus is appointed to defend Tom Robinso n, a Negro who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. He simply is defending Tom because it was the right thing to do. He knows he would cause him troubles and perhaps his children will be involved, but Atticus is a very moral person. Another reason why he decides to defend Tom is to teach his children to do the right thing. Even though he accepted the case, he knows that he is going to lose: â€Å"‘Atticus, are we going to win it?’ ‘No, honey.’ ‘Then why–’ ‘simply because we were licked a hundred yearsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom who and what surrounds us, things that help to form our identity. Prejudice is an integral theme in Harper Lee’s, To Kill A Mockingbird. Prejudice is evident throughout the novel, not just in the appalling racism but also through, prejudice against different sexual orientations, gender constructs and feminism. Society had certain constr ucts that had to be met. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee breaks the bounds to overcome barriers, and challenge social constructs. This feature article delvesRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesexample in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, the small town of Maycomb struggles with these aspects. Each character of the novel has a strong personality. Scout Finch is tough, always has an opinion, and is a tomboy. On the other hand Boo Radley stays hidden most of the time, but we all know he is actually a friend to Jem and Scout. Then there is Tom Robinson, a hardworking, strong, and innocent man. But what do all these characters have in common? They can all be analyzed as mockingbirds. ThroughoutRead More Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird In the early twentieth century, the United States was undergoing a dramatic social change. Slavery had been abolished decades before, but the southern states were still attempting to restrict social interaction among people of different races. In particular, blacks were subject to special Jim Crow laws which restricted their rights and attempted to keep the race inferior to whites. Even beyond these laws, however, blacks were feeling the pressure of prejudiceRead More Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird In the novel by Harper Lee named, To Kill a Mockingbird, there is one main tragic event that occurs. The feelings and expressions dealt with in the novel are seen through the eyes of the main character, named Scout. In the novel Tom Robinson is a black male accused of rape in Maycomb County. During the same time period as the novel there were many historical events that were almost identical in setting and conclusion. There were many things that happenedRead MoreEssay on Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird1054 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird showed courage in their own way. Courage can come in many different forms: physical, mental, emotional and moral. Courage is not the only main theme displayed in To Kill a Mockingbird; prejudice and education are also very important themes exhibited throughout the progression of theRead More Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird The United States has been dealing with the issue of racism ever since Columbus landed on Plymouth Rock. The Indians were the first to endure harsh racism in this country. Pilgrims moving west ran them off their land wiping out many tribes and destroying many resources in their path. However, when many think of racism today, the issue of blacks and whites is the first to come to mind. African Americans have come a long way in today’s society as comparedRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee is novel set in a three year period through the ‘great depression’. Atticus Finch (Jem and scouts father) is originally portrayed as a friendly and understanding person, though when he attends court defending a ‘black man’ as his job, suddenly he and his family begin to suffer racial hatred from their community. The story features on the themes of racism, community morals and the r ealisation of certain truths whilst growing up. It is a fascinating novelRead MoreEssay on Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird2478 Words   |  10 PagesHarper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird During the 1930s, during the time when the novel was set, society was very different to what it is now. To Kill a Mockingbird is Harper Lees story about life in a small town in Southern America during the 1930s. The story is based in the state of Texas, Alabama, in this state slavery was very common and because of this it became to be known as the Slave State. The story involves Atticus Finch a lawyer who must defendRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay3848 Words   |  16 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird The story of To Kill a Mockingbird takes place during the 1930s in a small town in Alabama in the southern United States - much like the town where the author Harper Lee herself grew up. To understand what the book is saying about racism, you need to know something of the history of race relations in the southern USA. Plot ---- The novel is about three years in the life of the Finch family: Atticus and his son JemRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 PagesMythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and